The Mediterranean diet, renowned for its emphasis on plant-based foods, healthy fats, and whole grains, has long been celebrated for its numerous health benefits. For seven consecutive years, U.S. News & World Report has ranked it as the best diet. Previous research has linked the Mediterranean diet to lower blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar levels, and reduced risks of type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that this diet might also play a role in reducing the risk of viral infections, including COVID-19.
Recent research from Universitas Sumatera Utara in Indonesia has explored whether adherence to the Mediterranean diet could potentially lower the risk of COVID-19, which is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The study, published in PLoS ONE, investigates the diet’s possible impact on COVID-19 infection risk.
The Mediterranean Diet and COVID-19 Risk
Dr. Andre Marolop Pangihutan Siahaan, MD, a senior author of the study, explained, “The Mediterranean diet is known for its benefits in chronic conditions like cardiovascular disease and diabetes. It is associated with immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory effects, which are crucial as inflammation plays a significant role in COVID-19.”
To assess the Mediterranean diet’s effect on COVID-19 risk, Siahaan and his team analyzed data from six observational studies involving over 55,000 participants. These studies examined the relationship between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and COVID-19 infection rates, symptoms, and severity.
Despite advancements in vaccination and medication, COVID-19 continues to pose a global threat. Siahaan noted the persistence of multiple infection waves and recent reports of reinfections, highlighting the need for continued research into supplementary methods for reducing COVID-19 risk. “The ongoing threat of reinfection and its severity underscores the importance of further research into all potential protective measures,” he said.
Findings on Mediterranean Diet and COVID-19
The review found that adherence to the Mediterranean diet was linked to lower odds of COVID-19 infection. However, the study did not determine the precise extent of this reduction. The impact on COVID-19 symptoms and severity remained unclear, with some inconsistencies reported.
Siahaan emphasized the complexity of the relationship between diet and immunity. “The Mediterranean diet’s benefits against COVID-19 likely stem from the combined effects of its components, including polyphenols, unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, all of which contribute to reduced inflammation and enhanced immune function.”
Expert Opinions on Diet and COVID-19
Monique Richard, MS, RDN, LDN, a registered dietitian nutritionist, noted that while the Mediterranean diet aligns with anti-inflammatory dietary patterns observed in practice, it is not a panacea. “Diet alone does not determine COVID-19 outcomes. Factors such as existing health conditions, genetic predisposition, exposure levels, and environment also play significant roles,” she said.
Dr. David Cutler, MD, emphasized that while dietary factors might influence COVID-19 outcomes, they should not overshadow established preventive measures. “Correlation does not imply causation. Although the Mediterranean diet may have beneficial effects, maintaining preventive practices such as wearing well-fitted masks remains crucial,” he advised.
Enhancing Immune Protection Through Diet
As the virus season approaches, Richard recommends consulting a registered dietitian or nutrition expert to tailor dietary choices to individual needs. Foods rich in vitamins A, B, C, D, and E, as well as minerals like zinc, magnesium, and selenium, support immune health. “Whole foods are generally more beneficial than supplements, which can sometimes lead to imbalances,” Richard noted.
To assess whether one’s diet supports immune health, Richard suggests evaluating fruit and vegetable intake, protein sources, fat quality, and the use of antioxidant-rich spices and herbs.
In summary, while the Mediterranean diet may offer potential benefits in reducing COVID-19 infection risk, further research is necessary to confirm these findings and understand the diet’s impact on symptoms and severity. Meanwhile, maintaining a comprehensive approach to health and preventive measures remains essential.